فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 4 (پاییز 1388)

The concept of sustainable development was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission) for which it «meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.» Sustainability is a concept and cannot be measured directly. Appropriate indicators must be selected to determine levels and duration of sustainability. The objective of this study is to evaluate selected criteria and indicators of agricultural sustainability (with emphasis on economics indicators) at the national level. A sustainable agriculture must sustain the economic viability of the farming operation. The 2007 Iran census indicated approximately 20 million or 31 percent of the population live on rural. This paper presents economics factors of agriculture sustainable development for the years 2003 and 2007. It has used four indicators of agriculture productions insurance, Non-farms income, Profit margin and production productivity (product in surface). The sustainability index suggests that Iran agriculture is only slightly sustainable. On the basis of the indicators analyzed above, the Iran agriculture (economics sustainability) tends towards slightly sustainable: insufficient agriculture productions insurance, low income farms, low stability of the indexes of per capita production and low investment rate of return.

The collapse of Soviet Union of Russia created a gap which it caused the collapse of bipolar system in the world. By this universal renovation the united sates governors claimed by congest and resignation of one of two super powers, the world leadership will be leaded by them. The USA tired to be the main performing role in settling and solving international crises and conflicts in order to catch the highest unlimited benefits and usage from those days international situation in a way that it introduce and nominated itself as the only Superpower of the world. The attempts and attacks upon the united states on September 11, 2001 and it created a historical opportunity for the United States to accelerate this process in the name “War on Terrorism “and to bring to an end this process. The United States return to the Middle East was the beginning of its Neocolonization project in twenty one century and it settled in different methods such as proposing “The Big Middle East“project, expanding the military bases and confederations,expanding and improving NATO to East,performing apparent benevolent programs in Africa and influencing on international public ideas and opinion politically and culturally. In this research by applying descriptive and analytical methods, the answer to this question is important that what is the basic difference between Neo-colonization, neo territory and territory in twenty one century? Conclusion on this survey shows that by ending the Twenty century and beginning of twenty one century, it was only the United States who claimed to be the universal superpower and assuming ownership of whole world. Usage of current military methods such the ones performed in Iraq and Afghanistan show and emphasize that in twenty one century, applying traditional methods of territory and occupying territory still is common but the most common method of territory is Economical and cultural Territory which it has been named as Globalization.

One of the rural development approaches is the down-up planning in which local people participation and their effective engagement in planning process are focus for rural development activities. The rural Islamic councils in Iran are main factor for people participation in local development. Therefore study of role of councils in rural development and assessment of people point of view about council's performance is very important. This subject was the principal motivation for studying the role of rural councils in Hakimiyyeh sub-district in Zaramdyyeh Township in Markazi province. In this research, people and council’s members’ point of view are gathered by questionnaires, and some variables such as the villager’s problems and needs, according to people and council member’s point of view, the council’s performance for doing their functions, according to the people point of view and people satisfaction about councils are studied. The results of the research indicated that the village’s councils had a good performance about the increase of people participation in rural development more than any other affairs including rural, social and economical improvement. Also according to research findings, the villagers are inclined to participate in rural development with cooperation of council’s members. Furthermore the council members have been achieved success in doing their functions. Also the cooperation and participation of local people was desirable. Therefore more strengthening of the rural councils is necessary and can be very effective in rural development.

Rural tourism has long been one of the largest industries that has been considered as a means of achieving economical and social development and regeneration. This industry has a great effect on host communities and tourists as well as on tourism places. Coastal region has been widely affected from this industry. Although the most researches have emphasis on the rural tourism benefits, but evidence show that tourism are benefiting the tourist, but not rural communities. This research analyses residents, perceptions of the effects of tourism economic, social, cultural and environmental effects are identified as determinates of residents, attitudes towards tourism development and planning. The research has been established in coastal village of Chamkhale, that is in north of Iran. The method used was based on 100 questionnaires, handed to the rural families. The questionnaire focused on the Likert case. Our results support our basic hypothesis: resident level of personal benefits especially economical benefit from tourism, influence their perceptions.Meanwhile the cultural, social and environmental effects of tourism could not satisfy the rural communities.

The concept of urban quality of life has no clear origin. However the word has its attraction and a popular meaning. An individual's quality of life is mainly depended to objective realties, attitudes, mental perception in each phrase which imply to the definition of the quality of life. Researches of quality of life are concentrated mainly on the urban nature in the recent years and the urban quality of life gained considerable attentions in the empirical studies. Certainly the tendency of world population for living in the cities has been one of the main reasons to enhance this independent query in the study of urban quality of life. This study attempts to review the main global literature of the subject to identify its importance and new definitions in urban planning. Then a few case studies will be discussed worldwide in order to analysis the common measuring models for urban quality.

The culture of our country, Iran, is so various and historical. Iran is one of the richest countries of the world from the monuments’ point of view. With making a positive relationship between tourism and culture, we can change it to a useful source for absorbing different kinds of tourists, because ancient culture of our country is composed of different components such as; Persian language, custom and national holidays, literature and it’s heroes, Iranian architecture, ethnic variety, Islamic religion and other various existing religions in Iran. Each of these components can play a useful role for tourism development in our country. With proper study and introducing different aspects of this, we can make the unique and ancient culture of Iran as one of the most useful factors of expanding tourism in our country.

The national sovereignty is one of the words that can not be presented as a unit definition. Most of researchers approved that it is an ambiguous and subjective concept. This is a fact that today’s sovereignty finds increasingly main importance in geopolitical arguments. In this way, it can be said that territory is spatial extract of government that defines the realm of the sovereignty with spatial extent. Therefore, states can apply the low and order of the government by sovereignty. Although, the character of sovereignty is its continuity and permanence but, it seems that this concept changes in the different periods of time. In the present article, with this question of: what are the effective factors in the geopolitical changes of sovereignty? the basic relations between sovereignty and political boundaries, democracy and globalization process will be analyzed.

A public necessity caused by the world wide prompt excessive changes puts the country in need of having more logical and proper movements such as: pondering about industrial strategies, especially tourism industry in the epidemic and competitive situation of the present time in order to alter everything from passive into active to make the fundaments of a powerful society. Strategy is an accumulation of mental schemes, ideas and information to reach the set of goals. The main function of that is exploring opportunities and making decisions to reach the concealed sources. In the framework of the governors and capital managers, and recognition and acquaintance of the way of reaching to the aims of tourism industry, studying the development of the fundaments and facilities in tourism industry such as studies in countries like: Turkey, Malaysia, etc. which have had an impressive development compared to our own country, is considered as one of the main issues to be paid heed to and by being informed of these, we can come up with solutions for our country.

This paper reviews the importance of environment aspects of sustainable development in the Persian Gulf and ways and means to help stop the rather dangerous outcomes of the present status in the region environmentally. The Persian Gulf all through out the history has been one of the most important and a strategic region of the world in terms of geo-economic and strategic considerations, which is recognizable in the past decades. In spite of the world-scale importance of the Persian Gulf, the region is very vulnerable environmentally. Since environmental aspects are considered to be among the very principles of the sustainable development, concrete and prompt actions should be taken by all the countries of the region to tackle the environmental issues by preparing and drafting relevant regional and international agreements.

Landslide is a natural hazard that it has damage of financial and human lives in per years. This phenomena In Northern zone of Iran in recent years has increased by changes land use and convert of forest area to Agriculture lands and roads. It seems that for decrease of landslide hazards in this area is distance take of this area. Watershed of Branjastanak dam with equal area of 37 kilometer square in 13 kilometers of southwestern of Ghemshar in mazandran. It has two rotation type lands slide in 100 meter distance with North area of dam with 6000 square meter in First mass land and 4000 square meter Area in second mass land. The aim of this paper is recognition of important factors of this land slide on Branjastanak dam. The research method has used from descriptive –analytics method with uses of fieldwork observation. The result of this paper has shown that for these land slide masses, factors of litho logical, geologic, tectonic factors (active factor) with quaternary sediment (Clay, shell, Marl sediment of Miocene era)has influenced in occurring of landslides.